Review: How Bahá'ís helped bring modern education to Iran

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Review: How Bahá'ís helped bring modern education to Iran
by Mona Tahiri
20-Dec-2010
 

By Soli Shahvar
I.B. Tauris, London

The role of the Bahá'í Faith in the modernization of Iran remains a history largely waiting to be written, according to the author of a new scholarly work about Bahá'í schools that once existed and flourished throughout the country.

"What I have learned from doing this is that there are a lot more studies to be done on the role of the Bahá'ís," said Soli Shahvar, author of The Forgotten Schools: The Bahá'ís and Modern Education in Iran, 1899-1934. "This book is just one example."

His new work tells the story of the establishment by Bahá'ís of dozens of schools in Iran - in cities, towns, and villages - starting around the turn of the 20th century. In 1934, the Shah ordered most of the schools closed.

Other religious minorities, including Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, also operated schools, but those of the Bahá'ís were different, said the Iranian-born Dr. Shahvar, who is senior lecturer in the department of Middle Eastern history and director of the Ezri Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies at the University of Haifa in Israel. He is not a Bahá'í.

One way the Bahá'í schools were different is that they welcomed students from all religious backgrounds, including Muslims. This most likely made these schools one of the few places in Iran where people of different faiths mixed as a community, he said.

And unlike the other religious schools, which used the academic setting for religious training, the Bahá'í schools did not offer instruction in the Bahá'í Faith itself.

The main distinguishing feature of the Bahá'í schools was their excellence, said Dr. Shahvar during a recent interview.

"Because education was part of [the Bahá'í] belief, they did it the best they could. That's why their schools were better," he said, adding that the teachers were not well paid but were extremely devoted.

Progressive Bahá'í beliefs - the equality of women and men, democratic ideals, the importance of science - spilled over into education. Bahá'í schools had maps and blackboards, and in some localities, they were the only schools available to girls or to children of certain backgrounds, he said.

Most schools in Iran at the time were what Dr. Shahvar called the "old type." The traditional educational system was based on teaching by local religious leaders who usually had no training in educational methods. They often held classes in their homes, focusing on memorization of the Qur'an and poetry.

The excellence of the Bahá'í schools drew many non-Bahá'í students, said Dr. Shahvar, including children of high government officials and the aristocracy.

The fact that Bahá'í schools were owned and run by individuals rather than by Bahá'í institutions could be one reason they are virtually unmentioned in histories of education in Iran, he said.

But the Bahá'í connection was never secret. Dr. Shahvar believes a key factor in their obscurity has been government coercion aimed at preventing historians from talking about the Bahá'í Faith.

"The Iranian government made it taboo to talk about [the Bahá'í Faith]. If a scholar wants cooperation from the government, he has to go along," he said, noting that what little has been written tends to be by Bahá'ís themselves. "Nobody else wants to touch it."

The Bahá'í emphasis on education had broad ramifications, Dr. Shahvar said. "Everything stems from education," he said. "It is more important than money. … The Bahá'ís excelled in everything they did. And it benefited the whole society, not just the Bahá'ís."

As well, Bahá'ís were well integrated into Persian society. "The Jews, the Christians, the Zoroastrians tended to have their own neighborhoods, even whole towns. But the Bahá'ís were everywhere - villages, towns, cities."

The influence of the Bahá'ís could be attributed in great measure to the model they provided, he said.

For example, in the 19th century, the intellectuals in Iran were beginning to read about reformist ideas. "But the ideas from Europe - of equality, democracy - were more theoretical... The Bahá'í community was an actual model, right there in Iran. The [Bahá'í] idea of democratic elections probably had a major effect on the population," he said.

He believes the lack of scholarly material goes beyond the role of the Bahá'í community in modern Iran, extending even to basic information about the religion and its founders.

"Why, in the intellectual history of 20th century Iran, is there no mention of Bahá'u'lláh and ‘Abdu'l-Bahá?" he said. "They were talking about globalization and international security before anyone. How can you call yourself a scholar and not mention them?"

Other academicians have agreed that there has not been much scholarly work to date in this field.

Farhad Kazemi, professor of Politics, Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at New York University, wrote: "[Shahvar's] fine scholarly book on the development of modern primary and secondary education in Iran through the efforts of the Bahá'ís fills an important gap in scholarly literature of the Islamic world."

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more from Mona Tahiri
 
Aryana-Vaeja

Be omide Yazdan

by Aryana-Vaeja on

And keep to the principle of "äll Iranians" where no Iranian feels a sense of entitlement or superiority over another. Unfortunately Haifan Bahais possess a sense of entitlement and superiority that if left unchecked is going to become a serious problem for Iran after the mullahs go.

-

May we be amongst those who are to bring about the transfiguration of the Earth - Yasna XXX 9


Anis Cyrus

Freedom

by Anis Cyrus on

Very soon our nation, the loved Iran, will get free and all our people from all colours and ideologies will live peacefully together. Bahais, jews,christians,zorastrians,and others with or without religious beliefs will work very hard together with their moslem brothers and sisters to rebuild Iran based on principles of Human Rights with freedom, respect, happiness and joy. The Day is coming. soon. very soon.

 


faryarm

You are what you write..

by faryarm on

I assure you I am neither Mr Najafi nor the LU LU khorkhoreh that you like to make out of Bahai guidelines for the proper etiquette on the internet.

As for your comment about "delusional", "vomit"..your words, thoughts and record are the best testament to your agenda of hate, slander and state of mind.

What makes you so different from the Islamic Republic and their lying thugs?

 


Aryana-Vaeja

Nadeem

by Aryana-Vaeja on

Ali Najafi is more than likely a fictitious identity created by the Baha'i Internet Agency (could be either Faryar or Alborz in fact) to project an image of non-Bahai Iranians supporting these cultists. The accusation that I am all their critics is a dead giveaway.  Other than dyed in the wool cultists, no one else makes this accusation amongst this peanut gallery because it is ridiculous. It is flattering though to know that I am their ultimate critic and that they have no rational answer to anything I throw their way. It also says that my criticisms have bitten them hard in the ass and hit the target bullseye!

What is especially laughable is their innuendo that the regime in Iran could be behind my activities online when they themselves have a history of behind the scenes linkage with this accursed regime beginning with  Khomeini's Bahai lawyer who defended him in the 1960s. They also know where Iran is concerned I am an unashamed monarchist and where the Mid East as a whole is concerned I have become generally pro-Israeli in the past few years.  

As far as the 'hate' accusation is concerned: I stand guilty. I utterly detest bullshit and lies of the kind the Haifan Bahai chorus unashamedly spews out like vomit all over the world. Note, however, that this Ali Najafi has no single response to any of my points nor can he answer the historical record that contradicts his garbage and the shamelessly delusional sectarian propaganda and historical revisionism that he, like a used car salesman, is trying to peddle here.

-

May we be amongst those who are to bring about the transfiguration of the Earth - Yasna XXX 9


nadeem khan

Najafi, Even this attitude is wrong

by nadeem khan on

you consider all the critics of your religion to be Wahid Azal and all the sects to be created by iranian intelligence. What a rubbish feeding has been done to you. This is just like those moslems who feel Israel is behind everything wrong done to them. Same mentallity you Haifans have. No difference. All the critics are Wahid Azal and all the guardians, sects of baha'is and all the baha'i critics are paid by Iranian Mullas. Be big, you must accept that their are different of openions in the baha'i sects regarding the guardianship. Poor iranian government does not have money to feed its people how will it pay to those guardians sittings in United States, France, Australia...
Get a life and change your thinking.


nadeem khan

Dear Hojjat

by nadeem khan on

So much anti-islamness is not good for your health. Your God (or prophet / manifestation) Praises Islam and Quran and you hate them. How can you call yourself a Baha'i? I am amazed. I have seen Baha'is who respect Islam from their heart.

Ahhal'u'Abho


nadeem khan

Aghaye Najafi

by nadeem khan on

I really do not hate Baha'u'llah, there are many people who claimed to be mahdi and they are successfully running their cults / sects. I don't mind. People can choose any Mahdi they wish to follow. If your cult is appealing to them let them follow. I don't have any problem. The only thing that I or Wahid (i think) or any other critic of your faith demand from you all Haifans is that you must be honest. Double standards, double speaking, deception, false propagation must be avoided. You must be sincere. Don't play with the sentiments with the people. Don't try to make profits from the Iranian nationalism. I hope you get me.

I totally agree with the third peraghaph of your comment. Thank you.

Allah'u'abho

 


Ali Najafi

Maryam Hojjat

by Ali Najafi on

Maryam, don't let Aryana and Nadeem (they may even be the same person) bother you. They viciously attack anything to do with Baha'is, even when it comes to people who are sympathetic to it. I guess you can say they have strong biases.

On Iranian.com, many of us have witnessed how Aryana/Nadeem/Wahid use hatred, nastiness, and misinformation as their weapons. Don't let their words bother you. Their cruelty is similar (if not the same) to the IRI. To be honest, at some point, you get through the comments section, by tuning them out.

My only comment to your post is that you need to distinguish between Islam and believers that have acted out in their own self-interest. I have family and friends that are Muslim and they have made wonderful contributions to society that deserve acknowledgement.

I hope this was helpful. Thanks for all of your contributions to this site.


nadeem khan

Infact you cannot respond,

by nadeem khan on

Infact you cannot respond, Hojjat Khanom.

Allah'u'abho


Maryam Hojjat

Nadeem

by Maryam Hojjat on

there is no need to respond to you!


nadeem khan

Maryam Hojjat

by nadeem khan on

Tell me if those islamist who persecuted Baha'u'llah and abdul baha and other baha'is, did they put Broken Bottles into the Blessed Anus (i am sorry, but I don't have a sophisticated wordings for this) of Mr. Baha'u'llah? Did they tied the hands of Baha'u'llah, covered his eyes and put him infront of hungry dogs or Did those mullas covered the face of Baha'u'llah and emerged his face into the water till the time he fell unconcious.
These mullas may be cruel but the americans, israelis are the real most uncivilized and of barbaric cultures.
The iranians (may be mulla or non-mulla) all are civilised people, better then those americans and israelis who are killing so many innocent in Iraq, Afghanestan, vietnam, palestine etc. Why don't you term them barbaric, is it because they gave you green card for being a haifan baha'i.
You haifan baha'is are dirt. I am sorry, but it is.


nadeem khan

thank you dear wahid

by nadeem khan on

thank you dear wahid


Aryana-Vaeja

The blog is still there

by Aryana-Vaeja on

//iranian.com/main/blog/muscle-defender/has-come

He just changed the name. The poem from Nabil Zarandi is the last item posted in the responses.

-

May we be amongst those who are to bring about the transfiguration of the Earth - Yasna XXX 9


nadeem khan

Dear Wahid

by nadeem khan on

Please post the translations of some poems of Nabil, I requested you this on another blog of Moscle-defender. Kindly do post it here if you have. He (moscle) deleted that blog for 'unknown reasons'.

Baha'is do not allow membership to women in the House of Justice for 'unknown reasons'

unknown reasons???????


nadeem khan

This is rubbish

by nadeem khan on

Dearly loved Yadam Beh-Khair. Salaam. How are you?

Hojjat & Hojjati if you really hate the Arabs and their language then you must change your last name to Paykan & Paykani, you know it is 100% farsi. At least you can change it here on Iranian.com

I totally agree with Wahid Azal where he says Bahaism is not an Iranian Religion. True, it is not.

Even Baha'is do not term it to be a persion religion. They say it is a Universal Religion, and it will capture the whole world one day (may be some 10000 years later) all the world will be united under the banner of Bahaism, all the shias, azalis, orthodox bahais, jews, christians will say sorry to Haifan UHJ and all will become Haifan bahais and accept those nine "Menifestation of God" sitting in Haifa as their Infallible Imam.

Haifan Bahaism is totally bullshit. How can a sane person believe those men to be manifestations of God. Really it is hard to find fools like haifan baha'is. How they accept them as the manifestation and give them money that is called as Hugugullah.

Even Hugugullah is an arabic word. Why Mr. Baha'u'llah is using Arabic Words when he brought a brand new religion for Persians, Jamal-i-abho, Allah'u'Abho, Hughugh'u'llah, Baha'u'llah, Abdul Baha, Ridwan, All the months are arabic, stolen from "Doa of Baha" recided by the Shias in the month of Ramadan, It seems like Mr. Baha was a God for Arab Moslems only. And these arabs hate him most. There are few hundred Arab Baha'is you know and thousands of Persians so Mr. Baha must have used persian language, bichare was very poor in Arabic but did not left it.

One guy here is saying that Bahaism does not teach prejudice is totally false. One can study Ruhi Books, specially book no. 8 it is full of prejudice and hatered. Read it please.

Ali Najafi, I know you are on the payroll of BIA. Baha'i Internet Agency is asking the Baha'i Councellors for people in every country to work for them. These people are paid by the Baha'i administration. Tell me Najafi, can't these volunteers work for free. Why they are offered money? All the councellors, ABMs, volunteers, tutors everyone is paid. Even those in ITC and UHJ are enjoying the food and luxirious facilities by the money given by poors Africa, nepal, latin america and iran.

The men of Imam-i-Zaman are involved in full scale corruption. The Baha'i elections are fraudulent, Baha'is fincancial scams are there in everybaha'i community, the false statistics provided by the Baha'is is known to everybody, and the persecution of Orthodox Baha'is, Azalis, BUPC is a known issue of today.

Did Imam-i-Zaman said to register religious symbols as trademarks? Baha'i sects are sueing each other for use of religious symbols. Amazing followers of Imam-i-zaman.

The Haifan Baha'i Cult will die soon because of the fake body that is controlling it from Haifa.

The time will show that.

Search for the term "Exit By Troops" and read the article. Throughout the world the Baha'is are decreasing. The deceptive techniques of conversion is becoming known to all.

SAY NO TO HAIFAN BAHAISM. NO NO NO.

Ali Najafi, I invite you to read the claims of Orthodox Baha'is. Their concept is really beautiful. They believe in what Baha'u'llah said and what was ordered by Abdol Baha. Read their books, May Allah show you the right path, may He guide you to the right sect of Bahaism.

You can also consider studying Ahmadiism (Qadiyanism) even they believe in Imam-i-Zaman. And they have more followers then your Haifan Baha'is Body.

Was Salaamon Alaikom Wa Rahamatollahi Wa Barakatohu. & Allah'u'abho


Aryana-Vaeja

Give me a break! And get off your revisionist soap-box

by Aryana-Vaeja on

Yes, I am going to dismiss your post because your argument is self-serving and completely one-sided cheerleading for your own community which exagerrates and attempts to re-craft an image of history that you people clearly do not deserve.

During the Tobacco rebellion and the Constitutional Revolution, under the direct instructions of your patriarch Abbas Effendi, Baha'is stayed away from contributing to Iran. In fact Abbas Effendi's Treatise on Politics (resaleh-ye siasiye) directly supported the Qajar reaction and the Russian sponsored absolutism of Muhammad Ali Shah. We can discuss this text, if you like, and even invite a few notable scholars to join in.  Before this period of the Constitutional Revolution Baha'is had contributed nothing because all the contributions were coming from the Babis -- and Baha'is are NOT Babis. After this period any contribution by this community was completely self-serving at best. Real historians such as Kasravi, Adamiyat, Nateq, et al, have noted this fact - quite unlike the contemporary paid special interest hacks who are employed by Anglo-American foundation dollars to write up revisionist cannard, like the author being quoted as the subject of this blog.

One Tarbiyat school was operated by you people (a school, mind you, which was only accessible to a moneyed elite) and all of a sudden this makes for a historical milestone contribution to Iranian society when it clearly wasn't!? You should add Pepsi Cola and the Shah memorial square (shahyad) in there as well while you're at it because beyond them there is nothing.

The fact is you people want to take credit for things that are at best secondary and then minimalize (and even outright deny) the significant contributions of those individuals and communities who actually did contribute, such as the Bayanis. Not a single figure of your community can hold a candle to Yahya Dawlatabadi. He, and he alone, made possible through his efforts what you now are gratuitously attempting to take credit. Yet we do not hear about him here or by the foundation agenda driven North American Iranian media establishment (which this site is in the pocket of) because the Baha'is are ruling the roost and there is an active agenda to promote Bahaism.

Abbas Effendi's Secret of Divine Civilization is a mediocre work, and besides he reverses and contradicts his positions in the successor Treatise on Politics. So I don't understand why you bring this up?

That said, if any contributions were made, it was made by individuals as individuals and not as individuals representing the Bahai community or Bahaism. Kudos to the contributors, but kindly desist from using whatever contributions have been made as symptomatic of Bahai ideology. They are not. As an ex-Bahai I know, probably better than even you, how insular, xenophobic, triumphalist, exclusivist and ultimately anti-Iranian Baha'i ideology truly is from start to finish. Fair enough if individual Baha'is love their motherland. But you people cannot fool those of us who have been amongst you knowing full well what you and your globalist Stalinist ideology are all about inside and out - not to mention what all this pro-Bahai propaganda in the North American foundation sponsored Iranian media is all about. Go tell it to the marines! Yours is a totalitarian cult with a checkered history as sinister, if not more sinister, than Scientology. As such you will be exposed even further, and your organizational agenda must and will be resisted to the last!

Now leave Iran alone and go pioneering in Africa somewhere - all of you! We don't need to overthrow the mullahs only to have you wolves in sheeps clothing step in their place as the successor cancer on the body politic of Iran.

-

May we be amongst those who are to bring about the transfiguration of the Earth - Yasna XXX 9


Ali Najafi

We are all Iranians

by Ali Najafi on

Aryana, it is so hard having a discussion with you through these posts, because of your strong sentiments against the Baha'is. Every comment you write seems to be against Baha'is, You dismiss Baha'i history, distort facts, and try to purposefully confuse things.

Like many other groups in Iran, be they religious or non-religious, the Baha'is have contributed to the advancement and devolpment of Iranian society. Perhaps, one of the reasons Baha'is have been more vocal, recently, is that for 30+ years there has been a harsh and systematic campaign by the Iranian government to silence any reference to the Baha'is.

While you have a skewed view towards Baha'is, which is your right, I am sure many of the readers of Iranian.com have witneessed Baha'is -- be they family members, neighbors, or friends -- effectively striving to contribute to the development of their country. Like the rest of Iranian society, the Baha'is are an intricate part of their country. They are villagers,  city-dweller, farmers, poor, rich, middle-class, Persian, Azeri, Kurdish, Baluch, and the list goes on.

In this blog, Mona his nicely written about the contribution that was made to education. There are other examples including topics on health development, gender equality, business ethics, inter-religious understanding, the arts, architecture, and overall societal development.

On the latter item, I turn your attention to Abdu'l-Baha's published work, "The Secret of Divine Civilization", read in its time (late 19th century/early 20th century), and directly discussing the challenges taking place in Iranian society and the debate around modernity (including areas of governance, education, technology, the arts, reason, and science). This work has insights even applicable to the current discourse in Iran.

While I know that you will likely dismiss my post, I do hope that one day, you will see that Baha'is, like the many other groups in Iran, love their country and are actively working to serve it.

From your other posts, I also know you think most Iranians are anti-Baha'i or are "suspicious of Baha'is". My experience has been quite different. The majority of my Iranian friends, acquaintances, and even family members have shown only respect and kindness.

Whatever our beliefs or philospophy, we are all Iranians. What impacts one of us, eventually effects all of us. 


Aryana-Vaeja

Ali Najafi

by Aryana-Vaeja on

P-u-h-l-e-a-z-e!

Contrary to what revisionists like you think, Bahaism had little to no impact on 19th/20th century Iranian history. Don't confuse the Babis (Bayanis) with the Baha'is. These two are different. Rich Baha'is set up this Tarbiyyat school and all of a sudden you people assert its function as a milestone in Iranian history. It clearly wasn't. A milestone is how Yahya Dawlatabadi (one of two preeminent leaders of Azali Babism) crafted the modern Iranian education system that made this Tarbiyyat school even possible. But keep rewriting history to suit your imagined narratives elevating the mediocre to significant levels while doing the opposite to the significant. One day you Bahais will certainly be made to look like the dishonest revisionists that you are and made to look like the fools in front of bona fide historians (like Homa Nateq) who are not afraid to call a spade a spade. 

-

May we be amongst those who are to bring about the transfiguration of the Earth - Yasna XXX 9


Ali Najafi

Well written

by Ali Najafi on

Thank you, Mona, for a well-written piece. It nicely conveys how intertwined the Baha'i religion is with 19th and 20th century Iranian history.


A.S.Mostafanejad

I am proud that my grand

by A.S.Mostafanejad on

I am proud that my grand mother and grand aunt were both teachers at the Baha'i schools. These schools taught without violence and without prejudice toward others of other faiths.


Anahid Hojjati

Maryam's last name is Hojjat not Hojjati

by Anahid Hojjati on

I am making this comment since few people have confused Maryam and me. We have last names which are very close. Otherwise I am not writing this comment based on any comment that Maryam has written. Generally, she is against IRI so I like that about her comments :).


Aryana-Vaeja

Maryam Hojjati

by Aryana-Vaeja on

Bahaism is not an Iranian religion. It is not even a religion at all but a cult like Scientology. It was born in Turkey under the Ottoman empire and its internationalist globalism by definition precludes any loyalty to Iran. In fact it technically makes them a fifth column. Furthemore despite the propaganda the Haifan Bahais and their big lobbyist friends in the West have implemented to dupe well meaning people like you, by and large in Iran itself Bahaism is not liked and the majority of Iranians still rightfully remain suspicious of the aims of Bahaism - and this will continue even after the regime is gone. Moreover a free Iran would allow religious freedom - period. Not just a platform or bully pulpit for certain forces to fish in muddy waters and expand a longterm power base for themselves. And like it or not, Muslims are not only Islamists and Shiite mullahs. They also include Sufis, Ismaílis and a lot of other groups.

That said, this blog post is pure bunkum. Bahais had very little to do with creating the modern education system in Iran. In fact that honor correctly falls at the feet of the religious rivals of the Bahais, and that is the Bayani community. Yahya Dawlatabadi was single handedly responsible for erecting Iran's modern education system, and he was an Azali Babi, a Bayani. And since we are talking about Iranian religions, the Bayan is an Iranian religion where Bahaism is not.

 

-

May we be amongst those who are to bring about the transfiguration of the Earth - Yasna XXX 9


Yadam Beh-Khair

nadeem khan

by Yadam Beh-Khair on

Where is our non-hyphenated friend?


Maryam Hojjat

A dream!

by Maryam Hojjat on

for all Iranians to choose their new religion as Bahai or Zorasterianism in free Iran in future soon.  These two religion are Iranians.  This way we get rid IRAN from Islam & its barbaric culture.